DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1683910 - volume 41 - Junho 2019
Adriano Carvalho Guimarães, Luciano Dias de Oliveira Reis, Fabio Chaves Leite, Cassiana Franco Dias dos Reis, Alex Paula Costa, Walter Junior Boim de Araujo
Heterotopic pregnancy (HP) is a rare medical condition in obstetrics. It is characterized by the presence of coexistent intrauterine and ectopic pregnancies. The most frequent implantation site of the ectopic pregnancy is the fallopian tube, most commonly in its ampullary segment (80%).1 2 The incidence of HP is around 1:30,000, in spontaneous pregnancies.1 2 3 In pregnancies resulting from assisted reproduction techniques (ART), the incidence is greater, ranging from 1:100 to 1:3,600, nearly as high as 1% in some series.1 2 Overall, the incidence of HP nowadays is estimated around 1:7,0002 to 1:15,000 live births (0/8% calculated risk) in contrast with the lower incidence of 1:30,000 in 1948.4 The higher incidence of HP in patients under ARTs programs is attributed to multiple ovulation, higher incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) observed currently, and tubal damage related or not to transfer of many embryos.1 5 The twin rate increased from 1.8% in 1971–77 to 2.8% in 1998, attributable to ART extended use.6 Heterotopic triplets are even more uncommon, and cases with tubal ectopic and coexisting twin intrauterine pregnancy are limited. This medical condition can be hazardous to the intrauterine pregnancy as well as to the life of the mother. We present the case of a ruptured right tubal pregnancy, referred as acute abdomen in a patient pregnant with intrauterine twins and suspected acute appendicitis. The final outcome was the birth of healthy twins. The aim of this paper is to emphasize the need for high clinical suspicion of this clinical entity during the routine first trimester ultrasound examination, even in the presence of an intrauterine multiple gestation and especially when predisposing factors such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) are present.
A 21-year-old woman, primigravida, with a confirmed intrauterine twin pregnancy, was referred to the emergency department of our hospital by her family doctor, presenting with abdominal pain in the right iliac fossa, with diagnosis of acute appendicitis, on April 25, 2017 at 8 PM. On admission, she was stable, with a normal level of consciousness. The pulse rate of the patient was 97/min, and her blood pressure was 100/60 mmHg. The level of hemoglobin was 8.5 g/dl and leukocytosis was observed (23.700/uL). An ultrasonography had shown a 2-cm tubular structure in the right iliac fossa, reported as acute appendicitis, and an 8-week viable intrauterine twin gestation (Figs. 1A, 1B, 1C).
Fig. 1
An ultrasonography had shown a 2 centimeters tubular structure in the right iliac fossa reported as acute appendicitis (A), presence of fluid in the perihepatic space (B), and 8-week viable intrauterine twin gestation (C).
Physical examination demonstrated marked right iliac fossa tenderness and rebound. After examination by the surgeon on call, the patient was immediately sent to the operating room and underwent an emergency laparotomy, via Mcburney incision, during which an organized hematoma was encountered. A normal appendix was found and a midline infra umbilical second incision performed. A ruptured right ectopic pregnancy was confirmed, and a right salpingectomy was performed (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2
Intraoperative image of right uterine tube (A). Anatomical specimen of right uterine tube with ectopic fetus (B and C).
The postoperative recovery was uneventful, and the patient was discharged on the third day. A transvaginal ultrasonography on the second postoperative day showed viable topic twins with crown-rump length measurements of 17 and 17.2 mm, compatible with an 8 ± 1 weeks pregnancy. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of ectopic tubal pregnancy. The obstetric follow-up and fetal assessments were normal, with normal fetal growth of each twin until the 24th week. The intrauterine babies were born healthy by cesarean section at 36 weeks of gestation.
Heterotopic triplets are rarely encountered in everyday clinical practice. However, the extended use of ART procedures nowadays has increased the ectopic and, subsequently, the HP rates. This clinical entity represents a potentially life-threatening condition for both the mother and the intrauterine pregnancy2 and was first reported by Marshal in 1903.7 Predisposing factors to HP are identical to those predisposing to ectopic pregnancy: factors related to IVF, like large number of transferred embryos, a transfer near the uterine horn, excessive pressure on the syringe and deep insertion of the catheter during transfer, the quality of the embryos, the hormonal milieu at the moment of transfer, the use of gonadotropins, the amount of fluid used as media for the embryos, and also adhesions related or not to endometriosis and PID.8 9 In our case, the patient had no history of PID or infertility. She was pregnant for the first time, resulting in low suspicion of HP.
The implantation of an embryo in the wall of the fallopian tube bears a high risk of rupture because the rich local vascularization and trophoblastic invasion may cause tubal rupture, even if there is no fetal cardiac activity. In cases of HP following IVF, the diagnosis can be exceptionally difficult. The Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) may continue to rise normally, the ovaries may present enlarged, the ectopic gestational sac can easily be missed on ultrasound scan, and the intermittent unilateral pain can be attributed to a hemorrhagic corpus luteum or ovarian hyper stimulation.10 It is reported that approximately 70% of heterotopic pregnancies are diagnosed between 5 and 8 weeks of gestation, 20% are diagnosed between 9 and 10 weeks, and the remaining 10% are diagnosed after 11 weeks.11 Only in 57% of the cases presented in the literature the diagnosis of heterotopic triplets was preoperatively made.11 Around 50% of heterotopic pregnancies are asymptomatic.3 Most of them (78.5%) were diagnosed after the rupture of the tube, with acute abdomen symptoms.5 Abdominal pain due to peritoneal irritation is the most frequent symptom appearing in 82.7% of heterotopic pregnancies. Cases of heterotopic triplets with bilateral tubal pregnancy and an intrauterine pregnancy have been reported in the literature, and symptoms may, in such cases, diffuse abdominal pain.12 We identified a total of 11 cases of spontaneous HP, 6 of which were included in the review by Bataille et al,13 as shown in Table 1 below. The most common symptom was low abdominal pain, the most commonly diagnosed method was ultrasonography, and the most widely adopted surgical procedure was laparotomy with salpingectomy. Yet, of all cases evaluated, only10 resulted in the baby being born alive and healthy.
Table 1
Reported heterotopic triplets in the literature
| Authors | Year | Age(years) | G/A(weeks) | Symptoms | Ultrasonographic signs | Tubalrupture | Treatment | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marshal7 | 1903 | 30 | ± 15.5 | Pain in the lower abdomen; swollen abdomen; pallor; vomiting; Tachycardia | ———– | Yes | Hysterectomy | Mother and children have died |
| Selo-Ojeme and GoodFellow4 | 2002 | 27 | 7 | Abdomen tenderness; Tachycardia | Intrauterine pregnancy with a crown rump length of 10 mm. The right ovary was normal. The left ovary was enlarged and contained a 33 mm cyst | Yes | Emergency laparoscopy surgery | Spontaneous vaginal delivery at 39 weeks |
| Pan et al.12 | 2002 | 38 | 5-7 | Lower abdominal-pelvic pain, nausea, tenesmus, vaginal bleeding | Bilateral multicystic ovaries with accumulation of fluid in cul-de-sac | Yes | Salpingectomy by laparotomy | Delivery at term |
| Bugatto et al.5 | 2010 | 28 | 12 | Abdominal pain in the left iliac region | Intrauterine two pregnancy with a crown rump length of 48 e 53 mm. The third gestational sac of 28mm could also be observed in the left uterine adnexa | No | Salpingectomy by laparotomy | Delivery by cesarean at 31 weeks |
| Basile et al.1 | 2012 | 28 | 7 | Lower abdominal-pelvic pain | The intrauterine gestational sac according to 7 weeks of pregnancy, in addition, there was a left ovarian mass suggestive of an ectopic pregnancy | Yes | laparoscopy surgery | viable pregnancy, at 3rd trimester |
| Alsunaidi14 | 2005 | 42 | 8 | Abdominal pain, tachycardia | Hemoperitoneum, latero-uterine sac with 2 yolk sacs | Yes | Salpingectomy by laparotomy | She delivered a healthy girl at 39 weeks |
| Cholkeri-Singh and LaBarge11 | 2007 | 30 | 5,5 | Abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting | Hemoperitoneum, ovary not viewed | Yes | Salpingostomy by laparoscopy | Cesarean section with healthy twins at 34 weeks |
| Simsek et al.15 | 2008 | 37 | 9 | Diffuse lower abdominal tenderness, peritoneal irritation | Hemoperitoneum, latero-uterine gestational sac | Yes | Salpingectomy by laparotomy (twin tubal pregnancy) | Delivery at term |
| Jeong et al.16 | 2009 | 34 | 6 | Skin pallor, distended abdomen, hypotension, tachycardia | Hemoperitoneum, right hypoechoic cyst | Yes | Bilateral Salpingostomy by laparoscopy | Evacuation of intrauterine gestational sac by dilatation and curettage |
| Arsala and Danso17 | 2014 | 27 | 4 | Tachycardia, abdominal pain, with distended abdomen | Hemoperitoneum, latero-uterine gestational sac with heart activity | Yes | Salpingostomy by laparoscopy | At day 8, a single continuing viable intrauterine pregnancy and a missed miscarriage of the second twin |
| Nguyen-Tran and Toy18 | 2000 | ? | ? | ? | Latero-uterine gestational sac with heart activity | ? | Salpingectomy | She delivered healthy twins at term |
All the cited literature are reports of unique cases.
The diagnosis should not be missed in cases of pregnant women with abdominal pain due to peritoneal irritation, even when they are referred with the diagnosis of possible appendicitis as in our case. The purpose of the treatment is to interrupt the development of the ectopic pregnancy and preserve the intrauterine pregnancy. Most cases of HP with tubal pregnancy have been treated surgically. The prognosis of the intrauterine gestation after treatment of the ectopic pregnancy is good. We observed high birth rates in this review above 90% (10/11).
As a conclusion, it is important to emphasize the need for systematic exploration of the pelvis upon the first ultrasound scan of the pregnancy performed between 7 and 8 weeks of gestation, even if an intrauterine gestational sac is already confirmed, and even if there is no apparent risk factor. It is a fact that the diagnosis of HP tends to be overlooked after confirming the intrauterine pregnancy. When a diagnosis is established on time, the rate of pregnancies that reach term after treatment is significant.